·    Globalization refers to the goal in which neither distance nor national borders impede economic transactions. [Wolf].

·        It embraces the social, cultural, economical and political interdependency of states. E.g. EU.

·       Sovereignty refers to the three-fold capacity of a state: the absolute supremacy over internal affairs within its territory, absolute right to govern its people, and freedom from any external interference in the above matters. [Wang].

·        Constantly growing interdependency and interconnectedness between nation states has caused governments to become weaker and less relevant than ever before.

·        Nation states are compelled to build relations with other states in order to sell their goods, services and develop a stronger and larger economy.

·        Because of this interdependency we can undermine part of a states sovereignty; the absolute freedom from any external force.

·        Part of sovereignty is also the ability of a state to solve its domestic problems on its own. Since problems and threats are getting more globalized, it is almost impossible for a state to act alone and entirely independent. For example, international crime, like weapon trade. This undermines the second notion of sovereignty, which is absolute supremacy over internal affairs within its territory.

·        Emergence of International Human Rights Organization, which is based on the Kantian philosophy that views the world as a community of free individuals; a community where nations and borders are no longer relevant or of any meaning, undermines the sovereignty of the nation state.

·        Emergence of transnational institutions, multinationals and integration of international laws all lead to diminishing state sovereignty.

Goksel:

·        Goksel believes that globalization has contributed to the limitation of sovereign statehood, yet, the state still survives in the era of globalization.

·        McGrew and Held believe that virtually all nation-states become part of a larger pattern of global transformations and global flows.

·        Since end of the Cold War, power of state-centric political and military rivalries to dominate international relations has diminished. National borders cannot stop the flow of information and other information technology.

·        MNCs have greatly accelerated integration of the global economy. Overseas expansion is frequently accompanied by corporate alliances with companies from another country. As globalization increases power of MNCs, Strange suggests that power will shift from the states to firms.

·        High speed communications and the information revolution have accelerated financial globalization. It is difficult for states to control this movement as shown by financial crisis in East Asia.

·        National governments are no longer in control of spread of ideas, capital, technology, labour, trade or ownership of economic assets.

·        National governments now have less influence on business transactions.

·        Ohmae and Strange are followers of this view, that economic globalization has put an end to the sovereignty of the state. It signals supremacy of the market over nation-state.

·        Rosenau believes sovereignty-free actors, like MNCs influence state’s authority.

·        Emergence of regional and global law also reduces state sovereignty.

·        Globalization widens the scope of security. This means that nations can no longer control their non-physical security requirements. E.g. NATO.

·        Contemporary state does have less control of some activities on their own territory.

·        States can no longer exercise control of their financial markets alone.

·        Global economic forces have less effect on the policy options of states such as the US or China than that of Turkey. Economic globalization mainly constrains the bargaining positions of smaller and weaker states.

Arguments Against Globalization Leading to Reduction in State Sovereignty:

·    Realist Krasner believes ‘those who proclaim, the death of sovereignty misread the history. The nation state has a keen instinct for survival and has so far adapted to new challenges, even the challenge of globalization’.

·        Hirst and Thompson that globalization is nothing new. Stats show the world is rather less open now than it was between 1870-1914. They also believe that genuinely transnational corporations are rare, and that capital mobility is exaggerated – it is mainly kept to highly industrialized economies.

·        Authority is plural. Nation state still has significant role, because it integrates the governing powers and forms a structure where power is distributed upwards to the international level, and downwards to the sub-national agencies.

·        East Asia represents a positive connection between state and success in a globalized economy.

·        In the 21^st century, nation states still remain the dominant form of political organization in the world.

·        States hesitate to submit control to new forces. The end of the nation state is therefore too harsh an argument to adopt.

·        States continue to create a regulatory environment for their economies.

·        Each state still has its own interests to advance and defend. E.g. IRAQ. Britain supported intervention, whereas Germany, France and Belgium opposed it. The EU did not act as a collective body.